WHAT IMPACT DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAVE ON EUROPE?
Industrial Revolution: What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on Europe? What role did it have on European colonialism and imperialism? What role did it play in the development of the utopian visions and the development of socialism and communis
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MAL
Begin with a question regarding an historical event.
Attempt to provide an answer to that question based on your research.
Let your sources (the evidence) guide you; you may be surprised with what you find.
Finding Direction: Example
Question: ‘What gender did people living in the Ottoman Empire consider eunuchs?’
Find at least 4 scholarly sources about eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire and read, looking for an answer to the above question.
If there is not enough evidence to make an argument, change topics – read, read, read, read!
Research: Looking for Sources
Databases (catalog/ articles)
Interlibrary loan
Research: Types of Sources
Primary Source
Firsthand account/ produced during the timeframe of your historical topic:
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (1522)
Secondary Source
Scholarly work on an historical topic:
Martin Luther: Confessor of the Faith by Robert Kolb, Oxford University Press, 2009.
Research: Quality of Sources
(Is it Scholarly?)
Is it published by a university?
Some academic presses (e.g., Routledge, Blackwell, Peter Lang, etc.) are not associated with universities.
Is the source produced by someone in the field?
Are citations clear and abundant?
Be suspicious of works on the web not affiliated with a university or an academic press.
When in doubt, ask the instructor.
Research: Reading Sources
As you read your sources, take notes (compiling evidence) regarding your question.
Note the subject matter
How it relates to your question
Name of author and page # to cite
Writing: An Outline = Success
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You should never get to a paragraph and not know what to write!
Intro: topic sentence/ thesis
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Conclusion: topic sentence
The more you read/take notes, the more you can fill this outline in with details.
Writing: Outline Example
Intro: topic sentence/ thesis
Throughout the seventeenth century, Ottoman society viewed eunuchs as a third gender.
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Because they were not viewed as a masculine threat, Ottoman rulers tasked eunuchs with guarding their harems. (Hertz 23, 45, 64)
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Eunuchs also held important positions in the military and government, typically masculine positions. (Bell 123-5, 188-9)
Body: topic sentence (…..citations)
Sources show that powerful eunuchs were often derided for having neither male nor female working anatomy. (Harridan 2-4, 16, 111)
Conclusion: topic sentence
In conclusion, the evidence shows that eunuchs were neither viewed as masculine threats to imperial power nor as incapable of holding traditional male occupations, making them a third gender in the Ottoman world.
Writing: Structure
Introduction (who, what, when, where/ thesis)
Every passing paper must have a clear thesis
Body Paragraphs (evidence/ citations)
Conclusion (answering the ‘so what’ question)
Topic Sentences (first sentence of each paragraph)
Writing: Structural Errors
Underdeveloped ideas
Tiny paragraphs (less than 5 sentences)
Failure to define key ideas
Lack of clarity: explain exactly what you mean as if the audience had no knowledge of subject.
Extraneous material (unrelated material or a rambling narrative)
Sentences that are too long (help the reader, break these down for clarity)
Writing Errors: Passive Voice
In an active sentence, the subject is doing the action.
Giraffes roam the savannah. (active )
The savannah is roamed by giraffes. (passive/wrong)
Sue changed the tire. (active)
The tire was changed by Sue. (passive/wrong)
The tickets were sold. (passive) who sold it?
The house was built. (passive) who built it?
Writing Errors: Verb Tense & First Person
The events we discuss happened in the past and the people we examine have long since died.
‘Columbus sails to the New World.’ (no)
‘Columbus sailed to the New World.’ (yes)
Avoid first person: ‘I, we, me, and us’
MLA Citations: In-text
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Cultural historians describe human beings as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).
Magellan often cited ‘faith and God’s providential hand” as his inspiration for exploration (Vogel 76).
Tigers, argues zoologist Hans Shrouder, are among the “fiercest hunters in the jungle” (Smith 212).
MLA Citations: Works Cited
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.
Spencer, Alexander. “Using Immigration Policies as a Tool in the War on Terror.” Crossroads 7.1 (2007): 17-53. Web. 4 Aug. 2009.
Research Paper Requirements
5 pages – at the very least, not counting works cited page
4 scholarly sources
Copious in-text citations
Works-cited page
12 pt font Times New Roman
Standard 1 inch margins
Only student name and title on 1st page
Only electronic submission via D2L drop box – plagiarism software